6313 


UE  No.  244. 
[SUPERSKBING  No.  140 — D.] 


InIbNctions  for  the  Installation  and 


Operation  of 


DiJect  Cnfrent 

' > 

Ijaltipolai'  GenefatoPp  and  Motor? 


Westinqhouse  Electric  & Manufacturing  Co. 


# 


PITTSBURG,  PA. 


' liii' 


CATALOGUE  No.  244. 


[Superseding  No.  140— D.] 


Instructions  for  the  Installation  and 
Operation  of 

DiPeot  dnppent 

lyjoIMpolap  Genepatopp  and  Motiopp. 

.f 


Westinqhouse  Electric  & Manufacturing  Co. 


PITTSBURG,  BA. 


Kniei  ed  according-  to  Act  of  Congress 
in  the  year  1900  by 

WeSTlNGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  & MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 
I’ITTSBURG,  Pa. 

Airh  the  Librarinn  of  (’ongress  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


1 1 9!' *3 


I 


PREFACE 


4 


X 


'x: 


This  pamphlet  is  issued  in  response  to  the  demand 

for  a ^‘book  of  instructions”  that  may  help  the  users 

of  our  direct  current  multipolar  machines  to  a better 

^ understanding  of  the  apparatus. 

These  machines  require  a minimum  amount  of  care 
■ K 

^ and  inspection,  but  like  all  machinery  having  moving 
parts,  a certain  amount  of  intelligent  attention  is 
necessary  to  secure  results  that  will  be  entirely  satis- 
^ ' factory. 

The  maxim  always  to  be  borne  in  mind  is,  keep 
* >the  machines  clean  and  the  bearings  well  oiled. 


Respectfully, 


WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  & MEG.  CO 


^ March  1,  1900. 


962285 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/instructionsforiOOwest 


Table  of  Contents. 


Pa^?e 

Multipolar  EMachines 7 

General  Information D 

The  Four- Pole  Machines 13 

Tables  of  Capacities  etc 11-17 

The  Six-Pole  Machines 19 

Tables  of  Capacities,  etc 20-23 

Setting  Up  Machines 24 

Instructions  for  Operating  a Single  Generator 28 

Instructions  for  Operating  Generators  in  Multiple.  29 

Instructions  for  Operating  Shunt-Wound  Motors.  32 

Instructions  for  Operating  Series  and  Compound- 

Wound  Motors 33 

General  Instructions  for  Operating  Machines 34 

Commutators 35 

Brushes 36 

Direction  of  Rotation 39 

Excitation 39 

Diagrams  of  Connections 43-59 

Switchboard  Apparatus 60 

Switchboards 62 


5 


Dirb:ct-Curre:nt  Mui<tipoi,ar  Motor. 


() 


Hultipolar  Machines 


Our  multipolar  generators  and  motors  for  lighting  and 
power  service  are  the  outcome  of  our  experience  and  suc- 
cess with  our  railway  generators.  All  the  essential  prin- 
ciples of  design  and  construction  in  the  latter  class  of 
machines  have  been  combined  with  the  best  possible 
material  for  producing  this  line  of  similar  direct  current 
machines. 

The  illustrations  on  pages  6,  12  and  18  show  the 
differences  in  the  construction  of  our  larger  and  smaller 
machines.  In  the  larger  machines  (beginning  with  the 
20h.p.  slow  speed)  the  field  parts  through  the  center  in  a 
horizontal  plane;  in  the  smaller  machines  the  field  is  all 
in  one  piece. 

The  general  form  is  the  one  given  to  all  our  various 
lines  of  electric  machinery.  The  various  supports  are 
cast  solid  with  the  frame  so  that  there  is  no  possibility  of 
trouble  from  misaligment.  Electrically,  this  method  of 
construction  practically  eliminates  an  external  field,  so 
that  not  only  is  the  efficiency  of  the  machines  kept  very 
high,  but  stray  lines  of  magnetic  force  are  avoided. 

The  machines  are  of  the  multipolar  type,  having  pole 
pieces  of  laminated  steel  cast  into  the  iron  yoke.  The 
number  of  carbon-brush  holder  arms  and  the  number  of 
carbons  per  aim  depend  ujmn  the  current  of  the  machine, 
more  arms  and  a greater  number  of  carbons  per  arm  be- 
ing used  for  machines  of  a larger  current. 

The  bearings  are  self-aligning  and  self-oiling.  The 
armatures  are  of  the  slotted  drum  type,  and  beginning 
with  the  20  h.  p.  slow  speed  machine  have  ventilated  discs 
built  up  in  the  core. 


The  coils  are  machine  wound  and  so  formed  as  to 
produce  a thoroughly  ventilated  winding  on  the  armature. 
They  are  specially  insulated;  which  protects  them  from  the 
liability  of  grounding. 

The  armature  coils  are  connected  to  the  commutator 
segments,  so  as  to  secure  a two  circuit  winding  in  all 
cases,  excepting  the  100  kw  125-volt  machine,  which  has 
a multiple  winding  on  the  armature. 


General  Information. 


The  Shunt=Wound  Generator  is  one  in  which  only 
a portion  of  the  current  generated  passes  through  the 
held  windings.  The  current  generated  by  the  armature 
hows  through  two  paths,  one  of  comparatively  low  resist- 
ance, which  is  the  main  circuit,  the  other  of  compara- 
tively high  resistance,  technically  known  as  the  shunt, 
which  is  the  held  winding.  The  voltage  of  a shunt  ma- 
chine is  regulated  by  varying  the  total  resistance  of  the 
held  by  the  use  of  the  rheostat. 

A Compound=Wound  Machine  lias  two  distinct 
windings  on  its  held  magnets,  one  of  very  many  turns  of 
hne  wire,  called  the  shunt  winding,  and  another  known 
as  the  series  winding,  which  consists  of  a few  turns  of 
comparatively  heavy  wire.  The  series  winding  is  in 
series  with  the  external  circuit.  The  voltage  of  a genera- 
tor and  the  speed  of  a motor  of  this  type  may  be  regu- 
lated within  moderate  limits  by  the  use  of  a rheostat  in 
the  shunt  held  circuit.  In  a generator  the  effect  of  the 
current  in  the  series  windings  is  to  cause  the  magnetism 
of  the  held  to  increase  as  the  load  increases,  and  thus  the 
drop  in  the  voltage,  which  would  otherwise  occur  by  rea- 
son of  increased  drop  in  the  armature  winding  and  the 
increased  magnetic  reaction  caused  by  the  armature  cur- 
rent, is  provided  for.  After  the  voltage  of  a compound- 
wound  generator  is  once  adjusted  at  gome  dehnite  point, 
no  more  hand  regulation  is  necessary,  for  with  a fairly 
uniform  speed  the  voltage  will  remain  constant.  A gen- 


9 


erator  may  be  over  compounded  by  having  its  series  wind- 
ing so  increased  that  the  current  compensates  not  only  for 
the  drop  and  reaction  in  the  armature,  but  also  for  the 
drop  in  the  supply  circuit.  In  this  case  the  voltage 
across  the  brushes  rises  as  the  load  increases. 

The  5hunt=Wound  ITotor  is  one  in  which  only  a 
portion  of  the  current  supplied  passes  through  the  field 
windings.  The  current  divides  and  flows  through  two 
paths,  one  of  comparatively  low  resistance,  which  is  the 
armature,  the  other  of  comparatively  high  resistance, 
known  as  the  shunt,  which  is  the  field  circuit. 

The  Series=Wound  Motor  is  one  in  which  the  cur- 
rent utilized  by  the  motor  passes  successively  through  the 
field  and  armature;  or,  technically,  the  field  and  armature 
are  in  series. 

In  a motor  the  effect  of  the  series  winding  is  to  give 
the  machine  a large  torque  at  starting,  which,  for  exam- 
ple, is  a necessary  qualification  for  elevator  work. 

The  Output  of  a generator  or  the  Input  of  a motor 
may  be  obtained  in  w^atts  at  any  instant  by  multiplying 
the  current  by  the  voltage  as  measured  at  the  terminals 
of  the  machine.  The  horse-power  may  be  obtained  by 
dividing  the  watts  by  746. 

A Ground  on  the  Line  means  that  the  supply  circuit 
— or  some  of  its  branch  wires — has  come  in  contact  with 
the  ground,  or  with  some  electrical  conductor,  which,  in 
turn,  is  in  connection  with  the  ground. 

A Ground  on  the  ITachine  means  that  some  of  the 
field  or  armature  wires  have  come  in  contact  with  the 
iron  frame  of  the  machine  by  abrasion  of  the  insulation. 

A Short  Circuit  means  that  wires  have  become  crossed 
or  connected  so  as  to  form  a shunt  or  by-path  of  com- 


ic 


paratively  small  resistance,  through  which  so  much  of  the 
current  passes  as  to  practically  cut  out  that  part  of  the 
circuit  through  which  the  current  originally  flowed. 

The  Point  of  Commutation  means  the  position  on 
the  commutator  at  which  the  brushes  commutate  the 
armature  current  without  sparking. 

The  Commercial  Efficiency  of  a Generator  or  Motor 

is  the  quotient  obtained  by  dividing  the  watts  given  out 
by  the  watts  put  into  the  machine,  i.  e. , it  is  the  percentage 
of  the  total  power  applied  to  the  machine  which  is  avail- 
able for  useful  work. 

The  Positive  Brush  of  a Generator  or  Motor  is  often 
spoken  of  as  the  plus  and  the  negative  as  the  minus  brush, 
and  they  are  sometimes  marked  ( + ) and  ( — ) respect- 
ively. 


MuIvTipoi^ar  Armatures. 


11 


10  H.  p.  125-Voi.T  Shunt  Motor. 


The  Four=Pole  flachine. 


See  Illustrations  on  pages  6 and  12. 


The  generators  are  built  with  either  shunt  or  com- 
pound winding,  supplying  current  at  110-125,  220-250  or 
500-550  volts  potential,  and  the  motors  shunt  or  com- 
pound wound,  for  110,  220  and  500  volt  circuits. 

Series-wound  motors  are  furnished  when  required. 
The  speed,  at  full  load,  is  somewhat  lower  than  the  slow 
speed  motors  given  in  the  accompanying  table. 


13 


Approximate  Dimensions,  in  Inches,  of  4 Pole  Machines  with  Rails. 


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Speed  of  250  volt  Generator  is  1600.  2.  See  next  line  for  125  volt  Generator  and  no  volt  Motor,  3.  T25  volt  Generator  and  no  volt  IMotor  only. 

4.  See  page  for  75  hp  no  volt  Motor. 


15 


Approximate  Dimensions  in  inches  of  4-Pole  Machines  with  Bed  Plates. 


17 


1 


100  Kw.  Generator. 


18 


The  Six=Pole  flachines. 


We  illustrate  upon  the  opposite  page  a 100  Kw. 
generator. 

These  machines  are  compound  wound. 

The  generators  are  built  for  supplying  currents  at 
110-125  or  220-250  volts  potential,  and  the  motors  for 
110  and  220  volt  circuits,  as  per  the  accompanying 
tables. 


19 


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SiDK  KIvKvation  oi^  Thre:e:-Bearing  generator. 


Setting  Up  Machines. 


Location. — It  is  very  important  that  the  location  of 
machines  be  wisely  chosen,  and  wherever  possible,  the 
following  considerations  should  govern  the  choice: 

First.  The  machine  should  not  be  exposed  to  moist- 
ure, as  from  dripping  pipes  or  escaping  steam. 

Second.  It  should  not  be  exposed  to  dirt  or  dust 
from  coal-handling  or  other  causes. 

Third.  It  should  be  placed  in  as  cool  and  well  ven- 
tilated a place  as  possible.  This  is  important,  for  a venti- 
lated machine  will  carry  heavy  loads  and  deteriorate  less 
than  one  unfavorably  located. 

Foundation. — Machines  should  be  set  on  substantial 
foundations,  in  order  to  prevent  vibration  when  running. 
Solid  masonry,  perhaps,  is  best  for  a foundation,  but  a 
frame  work  of  timber  may  be  used. 

It  is  well  to  keep  the  iron  of  the  machine  insulated 
from  the  ground,  and  to  this  end  the  bolts  securing  the 
machine  to  its  foundation  should  not  come  in  contact  with 
any  other  metal  or  electric  conductor.  The  supports 
under  the  machine  should  be  covered  with  some  insulating 
water-proof  paint  or  compound. 

Erecting. — When  setting  a machine  upon  its  founda- 
tion, it  should  be  carefully  leveled  and  the  shaft  and 
pulley  accurately  “lined  up’’  with  the  driving  or  driven 
shaft  or  pulley. 

In  shipping  the  smaller  machines  the  fields  are  bolted 
together  and  properly  connected  before  being  shipped. 
It  is  only  necessary  for  the  purchaser  to  place  the  arma- 
ture in  position  and  make  connections. 

24 


In  erecting  the  larger  machines: 

First  get  the  lower  half  of  the  field  into  positoin, 
then  place  the  armature  in  its  bearings,  and  after  that  put 
on  the  upper  half  of  the  field.  In  bolting  the  upper  and 
lower  field  of  the  machine  together  all  dirt  should  be 
brushed  off  the  surfaces  so  that  contact  may  be  as  close  as 
possible,  otherwise  there  will  be  an  unnecessary  weaken- 
ing of  the  magnetism. 

Field  Coils. — The  coils  are  machine  wound,  and  in 
all  machines  not  larger  than  the  20  h.  p.  slow  speed 
machines  are  held  in  position  by  metal  plates,  which  are 
bolted  to  the  yoke.  In  the  larger  sizes  the  plates  are 
bolted  to  the  pole  pieces.  Field  coils  should  be  put  into 
position  and  properly  connected  before  the  armature  is 
put  in  its  bearings.  Be  particularly  careful  that  the  con- 
nections between  the  series  coils  are  made  secure  and  with 
good  contact. 

Armature. — Never  try  to  support  any  of  the  weight  of 
an  armature  by  the  commutator.  Do  not  allow  the  com- 
mutator to  rest  on  any  blocking,  and  do  not  pass  a rope 
around  it  for  the  purpose  (ff  lifting  the  armature.  When 
handling  the  armature  always  support  it  by  a rope-sling 
about  the  shaft,  and  never  allow  it  to  rest  on  its  body. 
Be  very  careful  not  to  mar  or  scratch  the  shaft,  as  any 
roughness  would  cause  it  to  cut  the  bearing  and  produce 
heating  when  running. 

In  putting  the  armature  in  the  field  be  careful  not  to 
scratch  the  bearings,  or  bend  or  break  the  oil  rings. 

Belts. — Belts  must  be  tight  enough  to  run  without 
slipping,  but  the  tension  should  not  be  too  great  or  the 
bearings  will  heat.  Belts  should  be  run  with^  not  against^ 
the  lapping.  The  joint  should  be  dressed  smooth,  so 
that  there  will  be  no  jarring  of  the  machine  as  the  cap 
passes  over  the  pulley.  The  crowns  of  driving  and  driven 

25 


pulleys  should  be  alike.  The  ‘^wabbling’’  of  belts  is 
sometimes  due  to  pulleys  having  unlike  crowns.  A wave 
motion  or  flapping  is  usually  caused  by  slipping  between 
a certain  portion  of  the  belt  and  the  pulleys,  resulting 
from  grease  spots  etc.  The  fault  may  sometimes  be  cor- 
rected by  increasing  the  tension,  but  the  better  remedy  is 
to  clean  the  belt.  A back  and  fourth  movement  of  the 
belt  on  the  pulley  is  caused  by  unequal  stretching  of  the 
edges  of  the  belt. 

If  the  shafts  are  parallel,  but  the  pulleys  not  directly 
opposite,  the  belt  will  tend  to  run  more  to  one  or  the 
other  side  of  the  larger  pulley.  If  the  pulleys  are  opposite 
and  the  shafts  not  parallel,  the  belt  will  run  to  the  side  of 
the  smaller  pulley. 

In  lining  up  two  pulleys  the  shafts  should  be  parallel 
and  the  pulleys  themselves  should  be  directly  opposite 
each  other.  Before  fastening  a machine  to  its  foundation 
line  up  the  driving  and  driven  pulleys  as  carefully  as  pos- 
sible; put  the  belt  on  and  run  slowly  to  make  sure  that 
the  generator  or  motor  is  properly  placed. 

Belts  must  be  quite  dry.  Where  belt-dressing  is  used 
it  should  be  applied  sparingly. 

Bearings. — All  our  machines  have  self-oiling  bearings, 
which  should  be  filled  to  such  a height  that  the  rings  sup- 
ply sufficient  oil  to  the  shaft  to  keep  it  properly  lubri- 
cated. If  the  bearings  are  too  full  oil  will  be  thrown  out 
along  the  shaft.  Oil  in  the  bearings  should  be  renewed 
frequently.  A warm  bearing  is  usually  due  to  one  of  the 
following  causes: 

(a) .  Excessive  belt  tension. 

(b) .  Failure  of  rings  to  revolve  with  the  shaft. 

(c) .  Rough  bearing  surfaces. 

(d) .  Bent  shaft. 

(e) .  Oil  too  low. 

(/).  Use  of  a poor  grade  of  oil. 

(g).  End  thrust  due  to  improper  leveling. 


26 


Oil.— Use  only  the  best  quality  of  dynamo  oil.  It  is 
not  economical  in  the  long  run  to  use  a cheap  quality  of 
oil. 

New  oil  should  be  run  through  a strainer  if  it  appears 
to  have  any  foreign  substance  in  it. 

If  it  is  desired  to  use  oil  a second  time  it  should  be 
first  filtered  and  given  a chance  to  cool  off  if  it  is  warm. 

Repairs. — If  a defect  in  insulation  appears  on  an 
armature  or  the  outside  of  a field  coil  it  can  often  be  re- 
paired by  carefully  raising  the  injured  wires  and  putting- 
fresh  insulation  around  them.  In  the  majority  of  cases, 
however,  repairs  require  skilled  labor  and  should  not  be 
attempted  by  an  inexperienced  man. 

New  Machines. — If  the  armature  and  field  of  a 
machine  have  been  exposed  to  dampness  or  low  temper- 
atures they  should  not  be  unpacked  until  they  have  had 
ample  time  to  attain  a temperature  as  high  as  that  at 
which  they  were  packed,  i,  e.^  the  temperature  of  an 
ordinary  room. 

If  possible,  a new  machine  should  be  run  for  several 
hours  with  the  fields  slightly  charged;  this  will  give  it  a 
chance  to  dry  out. 

Give  the  bearings  plenty  of  oil  at  first,  by  filling  the 
oil  chambers  somewhat  above  the  mark  on  guage. 


Mui.TiPOi.AR  Armature  Core. 


27 


Instructions  for  Operating  a Single 
Generator. 


(See  page  34  for  General  Instructions  for  Operating  Machines). 

STARTING. 

First.  See  that  the  oil  guages  show  a proper  amount 
of  oil  in  the  bearings  and  that  the  brushes  bear  at  a point 
opposite  the  center  of  the  pole  pieces  and  adjust  the  spring 
tension  so  that  the  brushes  bear  properly  on  the  commu- 
tator. 

Second.  Start  slowly,  and  see  that  the  oil  rings  are 
revolving  freely,  then  get  the  machine  up  to  speed. 

Third.  Raise  the  voltage  to  the  proper  point  by. 
throwing  resistance  out  with  the  hand  regulator  or  held 
rheostat. 

Fourth.  Throw  in  the  circuit-breaker  and  close  the 
switch  which  connects  the  generator  with  the  switchboard 
or  the  load. 

Fifth  give  the  brushes  maximum  forward  lead  for 
maximum  voltage  on  no  load,  and  at  that  point  clamp 
them,  for  in  this  position  the  machine  will  carry  any  load 
within  its  rating. 

Sixth.  Feel  all  joints  and  connections,  and  if  any  are 
warm  the  connection  is  imperfect  and  should  be  remedied. 


2S 


STOPPING, 


First.  Throw  out  all  circuit-breakers,  then  open  all 
switches. 

Second.  Throw  all  resistance  in  with  the  hand  regu- 
lator or  field  rheostat. 

Third.  Stop  engine  and  thoroughly  wipe  off  all  oil 
and  dirt  and  put  in  order  for  next  start. 


Instructons  for  Operatng  Generators 
in  Multiple. 


(See  page  34  for  General  Instructions  for  Operating  Machines.) 

To  run  Compound  Generators  in  multiple  it  is  neces- 
sary, in  order  to  have  each  one  do  work  proportional  to 
its  capacity,  to  connect  them  in  three  places — at 
the  regular  terminals  of  the  machines  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  series  windings.  The  connection  from  the 
beginning  of  the  series  winding  is  called  the  equalizing 
wire,  and  runs  to  the  equalizing  bar  on  the  switchboard. 

On  the  switchboard  the  middle  one  of  the  three  bars  is 
usually  the  equalizing  bar. 

Connections. — If  the  generators  are  of  the  same  size 
and  make,  the  only  point  requiring  special  attention  is 
that  the  wires  which  run  from  the  different  machines  to 
the  equalizing  bar  must  be  the  same  size  and  length 
(that  is,  of  the  same  resistance')^  and  also  those  wires  which 
connect  the  terminals  of  the  series  coils  with  their  bar  on 
the  switchboard  must  have  equal  resistance. 


29 


If  the  generators  differ  in  design  or  size  the  matter 
becomes  more  complicated.  In  this  case  the  difference  of 
potential  or  drop  in  voltage^  between  that  end  of  the  series  coil 
which  is  connected  directly  to  one  of  the  brushes,  and  the  bus 
bar,  to  which  the  other  end  of  that  same  series  coil  is  connected, 
should  be  exactly  the  same  for  every  generator,  when  each  is 
carrying  its  proper  share  of  the  load. 

To  make  this  drop  the  seme  for  each  generator,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  put  resistance  in  circuit  with  the  series  coils  oj  the 
machines  whose  drop  is  least 

The  equalizing  wires  must  have  as  little  resistance  as  is 
practicable,  and  never  more  than  the  dynamo  leads. 

In  the  case  of  large  machines,  it  takes  several  hours 
for  the  field  coils  to  reach  a constant  temperature.  As  the 
fields  heat  up  it  becomes  necessary  to  throw  resistance  out 
of  the  shunt  circuit. 

Trouble  is  sometimes  experienced  in  getting  the  load 
to  divide  properly  between  two  or  more  generators, 
because  no  attention  has  been  given  to  this  matter  of 
adjustment,  which  should  be  undertaken  only  by  expert 
electricians,  who  will  find  no  difficulty  in  running  our 
generators  in  multiple  with  machines  of  any  make,  and, 
with  the  majority  of  them,  perfectly. 

STARTING. 

If  there  is  one  generator,  A,  furnishing  current  to  the 
line,  and  it  is  desired  to  throw  another  one,  B,  on  the 
same  circuit: 

First.  Get  B up  to  full  speed. 

Second.  Adjust  voltage  of  B as  near  that  of  A as 
possible. 

Third.  Throw  in  B’s  three-jaw  switch. 

Fourth.  Notice  the  ammeters  to  see  that  the  loads  are 
rightly  proportioned.  If  A is  doing  more  than  its  share 


80 


of  work,  throw  resistance  in  with  its  regulator,  or  out  with 
B’s  regulator.  If  B is  doing  too  much  work,  throw  the 
regulator  in  the  opposite  direction. 

If  you  want  to  throw  in  a third,  fourth  or  fifth 
machine,  follow  the  same  rule. 

If  a generator  is  thrown  in  multiple  with  another  one 
before  its  voltage  is  up  to  the  same  point,  it  will  not  do 
its  share  of  the  work  and  may  even  run  as  a motor  with 
current  from  the  other  machine.  In  this  case,  throw  re- 
sistance oi/^'with  the  regulator  of  machine  which  has  just 
been  thrown  on  the  circuit. 

When  two  machines  are  working  together,  if  the  belt 
on  one  of  them  should  break,  or  slip  off,  this  generator 
will  continue  to  run,  being  driven  by  the  other  one. 

If  it  is  found  that  the  machines  do  not  operate 
together  satisfactorily,  note  the  positions  of  the  brushes. 
If  one  machine  carries  too  much  of  the  load  move  the 
brushes  slightly  forward,  if  too  little,  backward,  without 
causing  them  to  begin  sparking. 

STOPPING. 

First.  Throw  resistance  in  with  the  regulator  of  the 
generator  to  be  cut  out  until  its  load  is  very  small,  as 
shown  by  ammeter. 

Second.  Open  circuit-breaker  and  then  three-jaw 
switch  belonging  to  this  generator. 

Third.  Stop  engine  or  loosen  friction  clutch. 

Be  very  careful  that  the  shunt  circuit  of  a generator 
is  not  opened  or  broken  while  it  is  working  in  multiple 
with  another  one.  In  case  this  should  happen,  the  arm- 
ature or  series  coils  of  one  or  both  machines  would  be 
burnt  out,  unless  they  were  almost  instantly  cut  apart 
by  the  melting  of  the  fuses,  or  opening  of  a circuit- 
breaker. 


If  it  becomes  necessary  to  raise  or  lower  the  voltage 
on  the  line,  raise  or  lower  the  voltage  of  all  the  machines 
which  are  supplying  the  current. 


Instructions  for  Operating  Shunt  Motors. 


STARTING. 


vSee  page  34  for  General  Instructions  for  Operating  Machines. 

First.  See  that  the  oil  guages  show  a proper  amount 
of  oil  in  the  bearings,  and  that  the  brushes  bear  on  the 
commutator  at  a point  opposite  the  center  of  the  pole 
pieces. 

Second.  If  there  is  a circuit- breaker,  close  it  and  then 
the  main  switch.  Great  care  should  be  taken  not  to  open 
the  field  circuit,  even  while  the  motor  is  not  running,  as 
there  is  danger  of  breaking  down  the  insulation  of  the 
field  if  the  circuit  is  suddenly  broken.  If  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  break  the  field  circuit  it  should  be  done  very 
slowly,  allowing  the  arc  thus  formed  to  die  out  gradually. 

Third.  Rotate  the  handle  of  the  automatic  starting 
and  stopping  rheostat  slowly  as  far  as  it  will  go,  and  hold 
it  in  this  position  until  the  magnet  becomes  sufficiently 
strong  to  hold  the  lever.  When  it  is  desired  to  run  the 
motor  at  variable  speeds,  a special  resistance  box  will  be 
required. 

Fourth.  Move  the  brushes  slowly  backward  till 
sparking  ceases,  give  them  maximum  backward  lead  for 
no  load,  then  set  the  rocker  arm  once  for  all  by  securing 
it  in  this  position. 


32 


Fifth,  Occasionally  feel  all  bearings,  joints  and  con- 
tacts, and  if  they  are  unduly  warm  there  is  a defect  which 
should  be  immediately  remedied. 

STOPPING. 

First.  Open  circuit-breaker  or  switch  which  will  cut 
in  the  resistance  of  the  automatic  starting  and  stopping 
rheostat. 

Never  attempt  to  slop  a motor  by  forcibly  pulling 
open  the  automatic  box.  Disregard  of  this  may  cause 
burning  out  of  the  field  coils. 

Second.  Clean  up  and  be  ready  for  next  start. 


Instructions  for  Operating  Series  and 
Compound  Wound  Hotors. 


(see  page  34  for  General  Instructions  for  Operating  Machines.) 

The  speed  of  these  motors  is  usuall  y regulated  by  the 
use  of  a commutator  type  controller.  The  controller  con- 
sists of  a box  of  resistance  material  by  means  of  which  a 
voltage  of  varying  intensity  is  applied  to  the  motor  arma- 
ture, and  thus  varying  speeds  and  corresponding  outputs 
are  obtained. 


33 


General  Instructions  for  Operating 
Machines. 


The  machines  must  always  be  kept  dry. — Water 
dripping  on  the  commutator  or  armature  will  cause  trou- 
ble. At  all  times  keep  the  machines  clean  and  free  from 
oil  and  dirt.  Carbon  dust  must  be  cleaned  off  frequently, 
as  it  is  detrimental  to  the  durability  of  the  machine.  Be 
especially  careful  to  see  that  no  oil  or  dirt  collects  about 
the  brush  holder  or  commutator.  Do  not  let  oil  run  out 
of  the  bearings  down  on  the  field  winding,  as  then  it  col- 
lects dirt  and  will  sooner  or  later  result  in  grounding  the 
winding.  All  switches  should  be  left  open  when  a 
machine  is  not  running.  Keep  all  small  pieces  of  iron, 
such  as  bolts  and  tools,  away  from  the  machine,  as  they 
may  fall  on  the  commutator  or  armature  and  do  damage. 
If  an  automatic  circuit-breaker  is  used,  it  should  be  ad- 
justed to  break  at  a number  of  amperes,  say  50  per  cent, 
greater  than  the  rated  capacity  of  the  machine.  If  a fuse 
blows,  or  if  the  circuit-breaker  acts,  first  open  switch  on 
corresponding  line,  close  the  breaker,  try  it  and  close 
again,  or  replace  fuse  and  afterwards  close  the  switch  and, 
if  a motor,  start  as  usual.  If  the  breaker  or  fuse  immedi- 
ately opens  the  circuit  again,  there  is  something  wrong, 
either  a short  circuit  or  overload.  As  a rule  never  break 
the  shunt  current  of  a machine,  for  the  inductive  discharge 
from  the  fine  field  winding  would  seriously  strain  the  in- 
sulation; perhaps  destroy  it.  In  case  a short  circuit 
should  occur  at  or  near  the  generator,  or  if  an  arc  should 
be  formed  at  a switch  or  fuse  block  and  hold  on,  throw  all 
resistance  in  with  field  rheostat,  and,  if  necessary,  shut 


down  engine  at  once.  If  it  should  be  necessary  to  remove 
a brush  while  the  generator  is  running,  do  so  very  care- 
fully, being  first  certain  that  the  other  brushes  in  the 
same  holder  are  making  contact  with  the  commutator.  In 
case  of  a hot  bearing,  first  feed  heavy  lubricant  copiously, 
then  slacken  the  belt,  and  if  relief  is  not  thus  afforded 
shut  down,  keeping  the  armature  revolving  slowly,  if 
practicable,  until  cool,  in  order  to  prevent  its  sticking. 

Commutator. — This  is  an  important  part  of  the 
machine,  and  requires  careful  attention. 

Its  surface  should  be  kept  smooth.  If  roughened,  use 
No.  00  sand  paper  occasionally,  which  may  be  applied  at 
a point  midway  between  the  pole  pieces  while  the  com- 
mutator revolves  slowly.  Do  not  use  emery  cloth.  Ordi- 
narily the  commutator  only  requires  to  be  wiped  off  with 
a piece  of  canvas. 

Keep  the  commutator  lubricated  by  using  a very  small 
quantity  of  oil  applied  with  a piece  of  cloth.  Do  not  use 
waste. 

See  that  there  is  no  looseness  of  any  of  the  parts  of  the 
commutator. 

If  the  commutator  should  get  ^^out  of  true’’  it  will  be 
necessary  to  turn  it  down.  This  can  be  done  either  while 
the  armature  is  in  its  bearings,  using  a special  slide  rest 
and  running  very  slowly,  or  by  putting  the  armature  in  a 
lathe. 

Flat  spots  or  ^‘flats’’  sometimes  occur  on  commuta- 
tors. They  are  usually  caused  by  excessive  wear,  by  too 
much  end  play,  by  a loose  commutator,  or  by  a bad  belt 
splice.  A bad  short  circuit  on  the  line  will  sometimes 
produce  a flash  which  will  start  a ^^flat.  ” 

Commutators,  after  long  usage  and  much  wear,  will 
sometimes  get  hot  when  carrying  only  the  regular  load 


35 


of  the  machine.  This  usually  indicates  that  they  are 
worn  down  as  far  as  it  is  safe  to  go,  and  the  commutator 
should  be  replaced  by  a new  one. 

Brushes. — All  the  multipolar  machines  use  carbon 
brushes. 

The  positions  of  the  brushes  of  a d.  c.  machine 
should  be  on  or  near  the  no-load  neutral  point  of  the 
commutator. 

The  no-load  neutral  point  on  all  of  our  standard 
multipolar  machines  is  in  line  with  the  center  of  the 
poles.  Generators  should  have  the  brushes  set  a little  in 
advance,  and  motors  which  are  to  run  in  only  one  direc- 
tion should  have  the  brushes  set  a little  back  of  this  point. 
The  exact  position  in  either  case  is  that  which  gives  the 
best  commutation  at  normal  voltage  for  all  loads.  In  no 
case  should  the  brushes  be  set  so  far  from  the  neutral 
point  as  to  cause  dangerous  sparking  at  no-load.  Motors 
which  are  to  run  in  either  direction  should  have  the 
brushes  set  at  the  no-load  neutral  point. 

The  ends  of  all  the  brushes  should  be  fitted  to  the 
commutator.  This  can  be  done  by  putting  them  in  posi- 
tion in  the  brush  holder  and  grinding  in  as  shown  in 
illustration  on  opposite  page. 

The  edge  of  copper  plated  brushes  should  be  slightly 
beveled  so  that  the  copper  does  not  come  in  contact  with 
the  commutator. 

Brushes  on  machines  having  ^ ^Swivel  Type”  holders 
should  be  adjusted  as  follows: 

Adjust  brush  arms  so  that  all  are  equally  distant  from 
commutator  face. 

Adjust  carbons  in  holders  so  that  stops  will  allow  ^ in. 
to  in.  wear  on  the  heels  of  the  carbons. 

Grind  in  carbons  with  sand  paper,  as  shown  in  il- 
lustration until  good  fit  on  commutator  is  obtained. 


36 


The  number  of  commutator  bars  between  the  heels  of 
the  carbons  under  two  adjacent  poles,  should  equal  total 
number  of  commutator  bars  divided  by  the  number  of 
poles. 

Sparking. — Sparking  at  the  brushes  may  be  due  to 
any  of  the  following  causes: 

(a. ) Brushes  may  not  be  set  exactly  at  the  point  of 
commutation.  A position  can  always  be  found  where 
there  is  no  appreciable  sparking;  at  this  point  the  brushes 
should  be  set  and  secured. 

(b.)  Brushes  may  be  wedged  in  the  holder. 

(c.  ) Brushes  may  not  be  fitted  to  the  circumference 
of  the  commutator. 


(d)  Brushes  may  not  have  sufficient  pressure  on 
commutator. 

(6. ) Brushes  may  be  burned  on  their  ends. 

(/. ) Commutator  may  be  rough;  if  so,  it  should  be 
smoothed  off.  The  commutator  should  run  smooth  and 
true,  with  a dark  glossy  surface. 

{g.)  A commutator  bar  may  be  loose  or  projecting 
beyond  the  others. 

(d  ) The  commutator  may  be  dirty,  oily  or  worn  out. 

(t. ) Machine  may  be  overloaded. 

These  are  the  most  common  causes  of  sparking,  but 
it  may  also  be  due  to  an  open  circuit  or  loose  connection 
in  the  armature,  which  will  cause  a bright  spark  which 
will  appear  to  run  completely  around  the  commutator. 
It  may  be  recognized  by  a scarring  of  the  commutator  at 
the  point  of  open  circuit. 

Grounds. — Grounds  may  occur  on  the  feeders  or  sup- 
ply circuit  wires  or  on  the  armature  of  the  machine  it  self. 
In  order  to  determine  in  what  part  of  the  system  the 
ground  is  located,  proceed  as  follows: 

Connect  in  series  one,  two  or  five  100-volt  incandes- 
cent lamps,  depending  on  the  voltage  of  the  machine. 
Touch  one  of  the  resulting  terminals  to  a good  ground  and 
the  other  first  to  the  positive  and  then  to  the  negative 
brush.  If  the  lamp  or  lamps  light,  there  is  a ground  on 
the  feeders.  Repeating  the  same  operation,  only  touching 
the  terminal  to  the  iron  frame  work  of  the  machine  intsead 
of  to  the  ground,  grounding  of  the  armature  or  field  con- 
ductors is  determined.  A ground  on  the  machine  is  a rare 
occurrence. 

Polarity. — Our  generators  are  so  designed  that  the 
series  winding  is  connected  to  the  positive  brush.  If  the 
machine  has  four  brush  holder  arms  and,  the  direction  of 
rotation  is  clockwise  when  viewed  from  the  commutator 


38 


end,  the  top  brush  to  the  left  and  the  bottom  one  to  the 
right  will  be  positive,  and  should  be  connected  together 
and  to  the  series  coil.  (See  diagrams  on  pages  43  and  44. ) 
If,  however,  rotation  is  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  other 
brush  will  be  positive  and  the  connections  to  the  brushes 
must  be  reversed.  The  connections  for  the  six-pole  gener- 
ators are  shown  in  the  diagrams  on  page  45.  Any  doubt 
as  to  the  polarity  of  the  brushes  of  a generator  may  be 
determined  by  the  use  of  a Weston  voltmeter.  When  the 
polarity  of  the  various  parts  of  a generator  have  once  been 
determined  they  should  be  marked. 

Direction  of  Rotation. — All  our  machines  may  be  run 
equally  well  in  either  directions.  When  changing  direction 
of  rotation  of  a 4-pole  generator  or  motor,  change  con- 
nections by  connecting  the  wire  which  was  on  the  positive 
brush  to  what  was  the  negative  brush,  and  the  wire  which 
was  on  the  negative  brush  to  what  was  the  positive  brush. 
When  changing  the  direction  of  rotation  of  a 6-pole  gen- 
erator, follow  directions  given  in  Fig.  Ill,  page  45.  If  the 
carbon  brushes  are  radial  to  the  commutator  the  holders 
do  not  ordinarly  need  to  be  reversed  for  change  in  direc- 
tion of  rotation.  But  in  case  the  carbons  are  at  an  angle 
to  the  radius  of  the  commutator,  the  carbon  holders  should 
be  reversed. 

Excitation. — A motor  may  fail  to  have  its  field  mag- 
nets excited,  or  a generator  may  fail  to  ^ ^excite”  itself; 
that  is,  to  generate  enough  current  to  charge  its  own  field 
magnets.  This  may  occur  even  when  the  generator  was 
all  right  the  day  before.  The  reason  will  generally  be 
found  to  be  a loose  connection,  break  in  the  field  circuit  or 
possibly  poor  contact  at  the  brushes  due  to  a dirty  com- 
mutator. An  open  circuit  in  the  field  winding  can 
sometimes  be  traced  with  a magneto  bell,  but  this  is  not 
an  infallible  test,  as  all  magnetos  will  not  ring  through  a 


39 


shunt  winding,  even  though  it  be  perfect.  The  trouble 
may  be  in  the  starting  box  or  rheostat.  Examine  all  con- 
nections and  look  for  a broken  or  burned  resistance  coil. 
If  no  open  circuit  is  found  here,  or  in  the  field,  the  trouble 
is  probably  in  the  armature.  If  nothing  is  wrong  with  the 
connections  or  windings,  it  may  be  necessary  to  excite  the 
fields  of  the  generator  from  another  machine.  Calling  the 
generator  which  will  not  excite.  No.  1,  and  the  other  gen- 
erator from  which  we  are  to  draw  current.  No.  2,  then,  to 
excite  the  fields  of  generator  No.  1:  Open  all  switches  and 
remove  brushes  of  No.  1.  Connect  positive  brush-holder  of 
No.  1 with  the  same  brush-holder  of  No.  2,  also  connect 
negative  brush-holders  together  (it  is  well  to  have  about  a 
5-ampere  fuse  in  circuit),  then  turn  on  the  current.  If 
the  shunt  winding  of  No.  1 is  all  right,  its  field  will  show 
considerable  magnetism.  If  possible,  reduce  the  voltage 
of  No.  2 before  breaking  connections.  If  this  cannot  be 
done  throw  all  resistance  in  with  regulator  of  No.  1 and 
then  break  connection  very  slowly^  lengthening  out  the  arc 
which  will  be  formed  until  it  breaks.  If  it  is  impossible 
to  obtain  current  from  a second  generator,  this  exciting 
can  be  done  with  a strong  battery,  by  connecting  the 
carbon  or  copper  plate  of  the  battery  to  the  positive  brush- 
holder  of  the  dynamo  and  the  other  plate  with  the  nega- 
tive brush-holder.  If  there  is  no  second  machine  or 
battery  at  hand,  connect  the  leads  from  the  brushes  of  the 
machine  through  a long  fuse  of  not  more  than  15  or  20 
amperes  capacity  and  then  start  the  machine.  If  it  does 
not  generate  current  enough  to  melt  this  fuse,  you  may  be 
certain  there  is  something  wrong  with  the  armature ; 
either  a short  circuit  or  an  open  circuit.  If  it  does  blow 
this  fuse,  try  again  to  get  it  to  self- excite.  If  it  does  not 
now  build  up,  something  is  wrong  with  the  shunt  winding, 
or  connection.  These  remarks  apply  to  machines  which 
have  been  giving  current  and  then  refuse  to  do  so. 


40 


if  it  is  a new  machine  which  refuses  to  excite  when  the 
connections  all  seem  to  be  right,  reverse  the  connections, 
that  is,  connect  the  wire  which  is  on  the  positive  brush  to 
the  negative  brush  and  the  negative  one  to  the  positive 
brush.  If  this  does  no  good  change  them  back  and  locate 
the  fault  as  described  above. 


41 


Diagrams. 


Figures  I to  XX  on  pages  43  to  59  show  our  stan- 
dard wiring  diagrams.  Each  diagram  is  accompanied  by 
a brief  explanation. 


42 


Fig.  1.— Compound-Wound  Generator,  4 Poises,  20  h.  p.  Standard  Speed  and  Smadeer. 
Note — To  change  direction  of  rotation,  follow  instructions  on  page  39. 


Fig.  II.— Compound-Wound  Generator,  4 PouES.  20  h.  p.  Seow  Speed  and  Larger. 
Note. — To  chauge  direction  of  rotation,  follow  instructions  on  page  39. 


§ 


Q 


1 


Fig.  III. — Compound-Wound  Generator,  6 Poees,  100  to  200  kw.  Inceusive 


J 


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a 

1 

w 

D 

O 


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47 


Fig.  V.— Compound- Wound  Motor,  4 Podes,  20  h.  p.,  Standard  Speed  and  SmaeeeR. 


48 


Viewed  FROM  Commutator  End 


Fig.  VII.  —Commutator  Type  Controttkr  and  Direct-Current  Compound  Motor. 


Fig.  VIII.— Marbee  Diae  Controeeer  and  Direct-Current  Compound  Motor. 


1' 


50 


Fig.  IX. — Shunt-Wound  Generator  or  Motor,  4-PoeES  20  h.  p Suow  Speed  and  Larger. 


51 


Fig.  X.— Shunt-Wound  Generator,  or  Motor,  4-Poees,  20  h.  p..  Standard  Speed  & Smaeeer. 


Line 


52 


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53 


Fig.  XIII. — Marbi^k  Diab  Controbber  and  Direct-Current  Shunt  Motor 


r'lG.  XIV. — Commutator  Type  Con'^rqueer  and  Direct^Cfe^^NT  Shunt  Motor. 


55 


56 


Viewed  from  Commutator 


C51-5- 


67 


Viewed  from  Commutator  End. 

. XVII. — Dust-Proof  Series-Wound  Motor. 


58 


Viewed  from  Commutator  End. 
Fig.  XVIII. — Dust-Proof  Series-Woui' 


FUSES 


Fig.  XIX.— Marbi^k  Dial  Controller  and  Direct  Current  Series  Motor. 


Fig.  XX.-=~CpMMUTATOR'  Type  Controlled  and  Direct-Current  Series  Motor. 


Switchboard  Apparatus. 


The  Voltmeter  shows  the  voltage  or  potential,  that 
is,  the  potential  difference  between  the  wires  of  a circuit  or 
the  brushes  of  a dynamo  or  motor.  All  our  direct-current 
voltmeters  are  so  constructed  that  the  current  must  always 
pass  through  them  in  the  same  direction,  and  they  have 
one  binding  post  marked  +,  which  must  always  be  con- 
nected t')  the  positive  wire  or  brush. 

The  Ammeter,  or  Ampere  Meter,  is  used  to  measure 
the  quantity  of  current  flowing  in  the  circuit  in  which  it  is 
connected. 

Switches  are  of  various  kinds,  among  them  the  single 
or  double  jaw,  for  ordinary  use ; the  triple  jaw,  for 
throwing  generators  in  multiple  ; the  dynamo  changing, 
for  transferring  machines  from  one  circuit  to  another,  or 
circuits  from  one  machine  to  another. 

Fuses  are  strips  of  lead  or  other  readily  fusible  metal 
or  alloy,  which  are  placed  in  the  circuit  at  one  or  more 
points.  If  the  current  increases  above  the  rated  capacity 
of  the  fuse  it  will  melt  and  thereby  open  the  circuit. 
Fuses  are  usually  marked  with  the  number  of  amperes 
which  they  will  safely  carry. 

The  Automatic  Circuit-Breaker  is  a device  which 
may  be  used  in  place  of  the  fuse.  It  automatically  cuts  a 
machine  out  of  circuit  if  the  current  exceeds  that  for 
which  the  instrument  is  set. 


00 


The  Lightning  Arrester  is  used  to  protect  electrical 
apparatus  from  damage  by  lightning.  An  arrester  is  un- 
necessary for  an  isolated  plant,  unless  the  circuit  extends 
out  of  doors.  The  Westinghouse  arrester  is  automatic  in 
action,  but  it  should  be  examined  from  time  to  time  to 
see  that  the  connections  are  tight  and  the  instrument 
undisturbed. 

The  Hand  Regulator  or  Field  Rheostat  is  a resist- 
ance placed  in  the  shunt  field  circuit  of  a machine;  in  a 
generator  it  is  used  to  regulate  the  voltage  and  in  a motor 
to  regulate  the  speed.  By  decreasing  or  increasing  the 
amount  of  resistance  in  the  circuit  the  voltage  or  speed  is 
proportionately  varied.  Always  start  a motor  with  all  its 
field  resistance  out. 

An  Automatic  Starting  and  Stopping  Rheostat  is 

used  with  a shunt  or  compound  wound  motor. 

It  prevents  an  abnormal  flow  of  current  through  the 
armature  while  the  machine  is  getting  up  to  speed.  It  is 
then  cut  out  of  circuit. 

Should  the  external  circuit  be  broken  the  box  will 
automatically  cut  in  its  resistance  and  then  open  the 
armature  circuit. 


61 


Switchboards. 


When  desired,  we  furnish  fire-proof  switchboards, 
consisting  of  marble  panels  mounted  upon  an  iron  frame. 
They  are  equipped  with  our  special  switchboard  appa- 
ratus. 

The  bus-bars  and  all  connections  and  wires  are  behind 
the  board,  which  stands  at  a sufficient  distance  from  the 
wall  to  enable  the  connections  to  be  frequently  and  con- 
viently  inspected,  thus  avoiding  all  the  dangers  of  con- 
cealed wiring. 

The  ammeters  and  voltmeters  are  enclosed  in  hand- 
some non-combustible  cases  designed  to  harmonize  with 
the  board  and  other  fittings.  All  connections  are  made 
with  large  surface  bearings  to  avoid  heating  or  waste  of 
energy.  The  board,  as  a whole,  presents  an  appearance 
of  elegance  and  durability  which,  when  our  circuit-breaker 
is  used,  is  never  marred  or  soiled  by  the  ‘blowing’’  of 
heavy  fuses,  or  the  breaking  of  large  currents,  as  with  an 
ordinary  switch. 


62 


Westinghouse  Klectric  & Mfg.  Co., 


PITTSBURG,  PA. 
Write  to  nearest  office. 
Nkw  York,  120  Broadway. 


Ati^anta,  Ga  , Equitable  Bldg. 
Austin.  Texas. 

Boston,  Exchange  Building 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Ellicott  Square. 
Chicago,  New  York  Life  Bldg. 
Cincinnati,  Neave  Building. 
Denver,  Mountain  Electric  Co., 


Phieadeephia,  Land  Title  Bldg. 
Pittsburg.  Westinghouse  Bldg. 
St.  Louis, American  Central  Bldg. 
San  Francisco,  Mills  Building. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y., University  Bldg. 
Tacoma,  Wash.,  907  Pacific  Ave. 
Washington,  D.  C.,  1317  F.  St. 


Cuba — Havana. 

Canada — Ahearn  & Soper,  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Maritime  Provinces — John  Starr,  Son  & Co.,  Ltd.,  Halifax,  N.  S, 
Mexico — G.  & O.  BranifF  & Co.,  City  of  Mexico. 
Argentine  Republic— Agar,  Cross  & Co.,  Buenos  Ayres. 
Bolivia,  Chile,  Ecuador,  Peru — J.  K.  Robinson,  Iquique,  Chile. 
Japan — Takata  & Co.,  Tokio. 


The  British 

WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  & MEG.  CO.,  LTD. 

Westinghouse  Building,  Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  W.  C. 
LONDON, 


for  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  The  Isle  of  Man,  The  Channel  Islands,  the 
British  Colonies,  Possessions  and  Dependencies,  and  Countries  under 
British  Suzerainty,  or  Protection,  including  Egypt,  but  not  including 
the  Continent  of  North  America. 


SOCIETE  INDUSTRIELLE  d’ELECTRICITE, 

PROCEDES  WESTINGHOUSE, 

45  Rue  de  1’ Arcade,  Boulevard  Haussman, 

' PARIS, 

for  France,  the  French  Colonies,  and  Countries  under  French 
Protectorate. 


I'v. 

m 


